Cukurova University,Department of Textile Engineering, Main Branch of Textile Technology

Showing posts with label Research Articles. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Research Articles. Show all posts

November 20, 2024

The Comparison Of The Yarn Hairiness Test Devices Using The Hairiness Length Classification System

Yarn hairiness is an important element of total quality control. Zweigle system and its different versions are widely used commercially in the industry for the determination of yarn hairiness and these devices are only on hairiness. The measurement sensor on them classifies the hairs according to their length. In this research, Zweigle G567 and Uster Zweigle HL400 using the hairiness length classification system were compared. The most important difference between the two devices is that the recommended measuring speed for Uster Zweigle HL400 is eight times higher than Zweigle G567. In the study, thirteen yarns in different structures were used. The hairiness results in each mm were evaluated statistically in the SPSS program. It was observed that there were significant differences between the measurement results of two devices. In the literature, it is stated that there is an increase in the number of hairs with the increase in test speed of the Zweigle series hairiness devices. However, it was found in this study that there was a decrease in the number of hairs in most of the yarns measured in HL400 that use higher test speed. The more surprising result was that the strong correlation was determined between G567 and HL400 although the hair number obtained from devices show significant differences. This shows that the devices gave correlated results according to its operating principle, but the results of two devices operating at different speeds should not be compared with each other on the same test parameters.


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November 17, 2024

Investigation of the oxidative selfpolymerization of dopamine under alkaline conditions on wool fabrics


Most studies about polydopamine in the textile field have been related to cotton fibers. There are not many studies about the use of polydopamine on wool fibers. A limited number of studies have focused on the coloring of wool, whereas wool is the fiber with the highest variety of intermolecular attraction forces among all natural and man-made fibers. 

Polydopamine contains high amounts of catechol and amine functional groups due to its structure. In this study, different from the literature, oxidative self polymerization of dopamine was achieved on wool fabric for different periods of time, and the coated fabrics were examined with characterization tests and spectrophotometrically. 

In this study, lower values were obtained than lightness (L*) values reported for other fibers in previous studies, and it was concluded that the wool-PDA interaction is superior to other fibers. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results showed that the polymerization and nano-coating formed successfully and continued to remain on the surface after washing. 

The lowest lightness value was obtained in the 32 h coating. However, the lowest color change after washing was in the 16 h coating (0.44%). This result showed that the coating was completed within 16–32 hours and there was only accumulation on the surface in the later times.


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November 14, 2024

Fabrication of Cu2O plated carbon fabrics via electrochemical deposition method

Functional fabrics have many advanced applications to meet the expectations of the end-user industry. There is a variety of approaches to impart functional properties to the fabrics including coatings, the addition of functional fillers, surface modifications, etc. 

Metallization techniques are also a good candidate to impart functionalities to textile fabrics. On the other hand, Cu2O is a diamagnetic solid that has a variety of applications from flexible electronics to gas sensing. 

In this study, one of the simplest plating techniques, the electroplating method, was applied to carbon fabric to provide Cu2O coating on the surface which can add the advantages of metal oxides on carbon fabric. 

The Cu2O particles were observed on the surface of carbon fabric using SEM and the elemental composition of the surface was investigated using the EDS method. The crystal structure of the coating was identified using the X-ray diffraction technique and Raman spectroscopy. 

To confirm the achieved structure, FTIR analysis was performed as well. The newly fabricated structure can be a promising candidate for supercapacitors, electromagnetic shielding materials, dielectric surfaces, etc.

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March 28, 2022

The use of mussel‑inspired polydopamine interlayer for high‑efficiency surface functionalization of PET fabrics


The surface modifications of polymer materials are carried out to improve surface properties, add new functionalities and thus enlarge their application areas. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a commonly used textile fabric to achieve functional properties via surface modification techniques. However, its inert and non-reactive nature necessitates an activation process before the surface modification to create functional surfaces. Plasma treatment and chemical methods are commonly used for this aim. However, these techniques can easily damage the surface of the PET fabric and result in decreased mechanical properties. In this study, we proposed a new method to activate the surface of PET using polydopamine (PDA) interlayer, known as substrate-independent coating material, to form a better and more homogenous polyaniline (PAni) coating via an in-situ polymerization technique. The surface appearance of the samples was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, and the distribution of elements was analyzed using an energy-dispersive (EDS) detector. Thermal properties of the samples were explored using thermogravimetric analyses and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to compare the chemical structures of the coated and uncoated samples. It was found that the PDA interlayer between PAni and PET significantly reduced the sheet resistance by providing more homogenous and chemically stable PAni coatings. Moreover, the effect of the PDA and PAni coating on the optical properties was investigated, and it was found that the PDA + PAni coated fabric exhibited a maximum of 10% reflectance in the range of 400 and 700 nm while uncoated fabric showed over 90%.

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July 07, 2021

The Comparison of the Edge Detection Methods in the Determination of Yarn Hairiness through Image Processing

The resolution, quality and speed of the cameras have improved enormously in recent years. The combination of camera advancements and the software industry offers significant opportunities. 

In this study, an image processing approach for the determination of yarn hairiness was presented. Yarn images taken under a microscope were examined in MATLAB software. 

Seven different edge detection algorithms were used in order to separate the hairs from the yarn body. Seven different textural properties of obtained yarn images were compared with Zweigle hairiness test results. The findings have indicated that yarn hairiness can be clearly detected from microscope images with a six-step algorithm. 

The first four phases are grayscale, double format, 2D median filtering and histogram-fitting, respectively. The fifth stage is the edge detection algorithm and the sixth stage is the use of textural parameters. When compared with the Zweigle hairiness results, the most obvious finding to emerge from this study is that the best appropriate technique for edge detection was the Sobel method, and the textural parameter to be used in the evaluation was the standard deviation of matrix elements.


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September 08, 2020

The Relationship Between Subjective Pilling Evaluation Results and Detecting Pills and Textural Features in Knitted Fabrics

The digital image processing studies are used in order to eliminate problems of subjective pilling evaluation. However, these applications did not come to the desired point. The purpose of this research is to put forward with explanations about the reasons for the failures of previous studies in objective pilling evaluation. In this study, three issues were dwelled on. Firstly, data belong to original fabrics (0 turns) were taken into consideration. Secondly, data were standardized using min-max normalization with a feature scaling approach to compare different fabrics. For this process, data after pilling and results belong to original fabrics (0 turns) were taken together. Thirdly, knitted fabrics were separated into different categories according to formed pill types and characteristics after pilling processing. The results were evaluated in the most appropriate category according to the pill’s structure. Two sample fabrics containing appropriate structure and characteristics which were able to explain the three overlooked issues were used. In digital image processing made by paying attention to these mentioned three points, both pill parameters and textural features obtained from digital images were determined. The relationships between these parameters and subjective evaluation results were examined.

Source: Fibers and Polymers

Publisher: The Korean Fiber Society (KFS)

Original Language: English

Document type: Article / Restricted Access

Link: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12221-020-9552-1

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March 25, 2020

Usage of Co-mingling Process in Production of Metal Hybrid Yarn

In this study, polyamide 6.6 yarns with copper, silver and stainless steel metal monofilaments were combined in intermingling machine by commingling method. 

The purpose of this paper is to develop a fast and cost-effective alternative method for production of hybrid yarns containing metal filaments. Microscope images of the produced hybrid yarns were taken. Linear density, breaking force, breaking elongation and hairiness were measured in these yarns. It has been observed that the use of metal filament has a negative effect on yarn quality values. 

The best yarn properties were obtained from hybrid yarn containing stainless steel. Filament breakage were determined in the production of hybrid yarns containing silver and especially copper metals. It was determined that this filament breakages can be an important problem for subsequent processing steps such as weaving or knitting. In the future studies, the hybrid yarn properties can be optimized by changes on process parameters of intermingling machine and metal filament properties.




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October 16, 2019

The effects of metal type, number of layers, and hybrid yarn placement on the absorption and reflection properties in electromagnetic shielding of woven fabrics

In this study, stainless steel, copper, and silver wires were intermingled with two polyamide 6.6 filaments through the commingling technique to produce three-component hybrid yarns. 

The produced hybrid yarns were used as weft in the structure of plain woven fabric samples. 

The electromagnetic shielding effectiveness parameters of samples were measured in the frequency range of 0.8–5.2 GHz by the free space technique. 

The effects of metal hybrid yarn placement, number of fabric layers, metal types, and wave polarization on the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness and absorption and reflection properties of the woven fabrics were analyzed statistically at low and high frequencies separately. 

As a result, the samples have no shielding property in the warp direction. Metal types show no statistically significant effect on electromagnetic shielding effectiveness. 

However, fabrics containing stainless steel have a higher absorption power ratio than copper and silver samples. 

Double-layer samples have higher electromagnetic shielding effectiveness values than single-layer fabrics in both frequency ranges. 

However, the number of layers does not have a significant effect on the absorbed and reflected power in the range of 0.8–2.6 GHz. 

There was a significant difference above 2.6 GHz frequency for absorbed power ratio. 

An increase in the density of hybrid yarns in the fabric structure leads to an increase in the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness values. 

Two-metal placement has a higher absorbed power than the full and onemetal placements, respectively. 

The samples which have double layers and including metal wire were in their all wefts reached the maximum electromagnetic shielding effectiveness values for stainless steel (78.70 dB), copper (72.69 dB), and silver composite (57.50 dB) fabrics.



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October 15, 2019

An Image Processing Research Consistent with Standard Photographs to Determine Pilling Grade of Woven Fabrics

Objective results corresponding to each parameter were analyzed comparatively with these subjective results. 

The developed method was successful by using mean of matrix elements from textural parameters and total area from pill characteristics.
 
In this study, MATLAB 2018a software was used to evaluate pilling grade of woven fabrics objectively.

Experimental works were carried out on the EMPA W3 standard photographs and accordingly two woven fabrics.

Equations were built based on the measurements of pill characteristics and textural parameters of these photographs with the help of curve fitting method after image processing steps.

Intervals were generated for each fabric by using slope of these equations and quantitative parameters obtained from the original fabric.

Furthermore, fabrics that were provided pilling formation at different test turns were evaluated subjectively by expert operators. 





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November 07, 2017

Usage of Recycled Cotton and Polyester Fibers for Sustainable Staple Yarn Technology

In this study, yarns were produced from cotton fibers (CO), recycled cotton fibers obtained from yarn wastes (r-CO) and fibers produced from recycled PET bottles (r-PET).

Tensile strength, elongation at break, unevenness (CVm), yarn imperfections (IPI) values and hairiness properties of these yarns were measured.

The purpose of this study was to eliminate negative characteristics of recycled cotton and polyester fibers with using together by open-end spinning system.

There was no study about r-CO/r-PET blends in the literature.

This study was also given significant findings related to these blends.

This paper obtained results which corroborate the findings of a considerable number of the previous works in CO/r-CO and CO/r-PET binary blends.

Furthermore, this study contributes to the extant literature.



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June 22, 2017

Usage of Core and Dual-Core Yarns Containing Tungsten for Electromagnetic Shielding

Textile materials having electrically conductive features come to the forefront in the development of electromagnetic shielding products in the literature.

Yarns and fabrics containing high-conductivity and low surface/volume resistivity metal wires among these textile materials became important.

However, no research has been found about yarns containing tungsten wires and fabric structures composed of these yarns.

Point of origin of this study consisted of tungsten having similar electrical resistivity and electrically conductive properties with metals used for electromagnetic shielding such as silver, nickel and copper.

The aim of this paper was to evaluate and validate fabrics composed of tungsten with conductivity properties as an alternative electromagnetic shielding product.

From this point of view, three different core yarns were produced using Inox, Copper and Tungsten wires.

In addition to these core yarns, three different dualcore yarns were also produced with elastane and metal wires.

Furthermore, 100% CO (Cotton) yarn and core yarn containing elastane were selected as the control group.

Thus, obtained yarn set was used as weft material for the fabric production.

The properties of produced yarns and fabrics were determined and EMSE performances were examined comparatively.

The findings from this study indicate that the use of tungsten core yarn in the fabric structure can be an alternative to existing products for electromagnetic shielding.

This research will serve about products containing tungsten for electromagnetic shielding as a base for future works.





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June 22, 2016

Commercialized Denim Fabric Production with Post-Industrial and Post-Consumer Wastes

The purpose of this study was to produce 100% recycled denim without a tradeoff in quality according to zero waste concepts.

Initially, the waste points from raw materials to final product in denim fabric production process were determined.

Then, denim fabrics were produced from post-industrial (recycled cotton fibers obtained from denim wastes) and post-consumer wastes (produced from recycled PET bottles).

Classic cotton fibers and alternative regenerated cellulose fibers (Tencel®) were used as carrier fiber in addition to mentioned fibers for eliminating recycled fibers disadvantages.

The effect of fiber types on yarn or fabric characteristics were investigated in accordance with planning design and construction.

Furthermore, the relationships between fibers and yarns/fabric results were statistically evaluated using correlation analysis.

The results of this investigation show that the amount of fibers have a significant effect on yarn unevenness, thick places, neps, hairiness, air permeability and abrasion resistance of the samples.



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June 21, 2016

Properties Of the Yarns Produced From r-PET Fibers (Recycled PET Bottle Fibers) and Their Blends

r-PET fibers are basically derived from recycling PET bottle wastes.

These fibers can be accepted as eco-friendly because of their advantages and contributions to the reduction of energy and raw material costs.

In this study, properties of the yarns produced by r-PET fibers and their blends and their availability for textile industry were comparatively investigated.

Tensile strength, elongation, evenness, hairiness properties and IPI fault values of yarns spun using 9 different blend ratios were measured and their results were statistically evaluated.



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The effect of recycled fibers on the washing performance of denim fabrics

In this study, denim fabrics were produced with yarns obtained from cotton fibers (CO), recycled cotton fibers obtained from yarn wastes (r-CO), and fibers produced from recycled PET bottles (r-PET).

Enzyme and stone washing processes were applied systematically on these fabrics. Mass per unit area, breaking force, elongation at max force, tear strength, air permeability, and circular bending rigidity of fabrics were measured.

The findings showed that r-CO fiber has negative effect on tear and breaking force. Breaking force, elongation at max force, and tear strength values of the fabrics increased depending on the increase in r-PET content.

However, fabric handle was negatively affected associated with the r-PET ratio due to the increase in stiffness.

Mass per unit area, breaking force, air permeability, and circular bending rigidity values of fabrics decreased after the washing processes.

The effect of fibers on enzyme- or stone-washed fabrics showed a change according to finished fabrics.

It can be said that fabrics containing r-PET are more resistant than cotton and recycled cotton in various aggressive denim washing methods such as bleaching or different washing process conditions such as rising temperature, and time.



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December 31, 2015

The Effect of Drawing Ratio and Cross-Sectional Shapes on the Properties of Polypropylene CF and BCF Yarns

Polypropylene (PP) is a versatile and widely used polyolefin polymer with outstanding properties such as low density, easy processability, lower cost, low melting point, etc.

Properties of the polymer, fiber cross-section and process parameters have an important influence on the filament yarn properties.

In this study, PP filament yarns as C-shaped and round cross-sectional shapes were produced with five different drawing ratios by using CF and BCF yarn types.

We focused on changes of yarn test results (linear density, tenacity, breaking elongation, shrinkage in boiling water and the amount of spin finish lubricants) with the effect of drawing ratios, cross-sectional shapes and yarn types (CF and BCF).

The findings from this study make several contributions to the current literature.

We found that drawing ratios, cross-sectional shape and yarn types are effective on the testing results separately. Furthermore, these differences are statistically significant when their effects are taken together.



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June 05, 2015

Effect of Recycled PET Fibers on the Performance Properties of Knitted Fabrics

PET (polyethylene terephthalate) is mostly used in textile and packaging industries.

PET Bottle wastes are separated from other wastes and after that some processes are applied to obtain PET flakes, such as breaking, washing, drying and etc.

r-PET fibers are produced by melt spinning method from these recycled PET flakes.

r-PET fibers have already been used for secondary textile products like as carpet bottoms, sleeping bags and insulation materials. In this study usability of recycled PET fibers in apparel industry were researched.

Comparative investigations of bursting strength, abrasion resistance, air permeability, surface friction, circular bending rigidity and dimensional stability properties were done to knitted fabrics produced from r-PET and blends with PET and cotton fibers.

It was found that, instead of PET, r-PET fibers can be blended in certain amounts without compromising fabrics performance.



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August 06, 2014

Utilization of Waste Yarns in Hair Interlining Industry

There has been an innovation need for utilizing fine yarn wastes nowadays.

In this study, probability of using yarn wastes in hair interlining industry has been investigated.

Information about hair interlining was given and production problems were investigated.

It was underlined that by using wastes these problems can be solved environment-consciously.

Mass per unit area, breaking strength, elongation at break, fiber blending ratio, circular bending stiffness, and dimensional change of standard and environment-friendly interlinings were tested and comparatively investigated.

Consequentially, environment-friendly hair interlinings produced from different yarn wastes have lower shrinkage results.

It was found that breaking strength, elongation at break, and circular bending stiffness results of the two fabrics had no remarkable difference.

With this study, suitable utilizing area for waste yarns were found and singeing and sizing steps of the production were eliminated.

In every sense, this study brings innovations for hair interlining production and makes contributions to the environment.


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